We propose an analogy between the thermal Boltzmann-Gibbs distribution
of energy in physics and the equilibrium probability distribution of
money in a closed economic system [1]. As a result of multiple money
transfers between interacting economic agents, the system develops an
exponential probability distribution of money, which corresponds to
the state of maximal entropy. By analyzing income data from the IRS t miss it.I’m also auditing yo$
and the Census Bureau, we found that income distribution in the USA one of my application process$
has a well-defined two-class structure [2]. The majority of
population (97-99%) belongs to the lower class characterized by the
exponential Boltzmann-Gibbs (“thermal”) distribution. The upper class (1-3% of population) has a Pareto power-law (“superthermal”) distribution, whose parameters change in time with the rise and fall of stock market. We propose a concept of equilibrium inequality in a society, based on the principle of maximal entropy, and quantitatively demonstrate that it applies to the majority of population. For more
references and computer animation video, see
http://www2.physics.umd.edu/~yakovenk/econophysics/ and review article [3].

References:

[1] A. A. Dragulescu and V. M. Yakovenko, “Statistical mechanics of
money”, European Physical Journal B 17, 723 (2000).

[2] A. C. Silva and V. M. Yakovenko, “Temporal evolution of the
thermal’ and `superthermal’ income classes in the USA during 1983-2001”, Europhysics Letters 69, 304 (2005).

[3] V. M. Yakovenko, “Econophysics, Statistical Mechanics Approach to”
 arXiv:0709.3662.

Numerical models of the ocean can be used as tools for conducting experiments to better understand the circulation and other characteristics of the ocean. I will introduce the use of such numerical models and some issues that must be faced in using them to model the ocean.

The ocean’s deep meridional overturning circulation is a global-scale circulation system which has an important influence on climate. A significant component of this circulation, at least in the time-mean, appears to be driven by wind stress over the Southern Ocean. That wind stress may change from decade to decade, both due to internal variability and anthropogenic causes. How does this temporal variability affect the global overturning?

Numerical experiments give insight into this question. An experiment with a realistic background state and an idealized wind perturbation shows the evolution of the ocean circulation driven by the perturbation. While the time-mean response to the wind appears to be strongest in the Atlantic, the response to the perturbation appears strongest in the Indo-Pacific. Further experiments with idealized geometries give insight into the behavior of the more realistic system. For instance, the initial strength of the response in each ocean basin is proportional to the basin width, causing a larger initial response in the Indo-Pacific than in the Atlantic.